{"id":18780,"date":"2023-02-16T09:12:21","date_gmt":"2023-02-16T08:12:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/plataformazeo.com\/?p=18780"},"modified":"2023-02-16T09:14:59","modified_gmt":"2023-02-16T08:14:59","slug":"sonamos-con-orcas-mecanicas-mientras-dejamos-morir-a-las-de-verdad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/plataformazeo.com\/es\/sonamos-con-orcas-mecanicas-mientras-dejamos-morir-a-las-de-verdad\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cSo\u00f1amos con orcas mec\u00e1nicas mientras dejamos morir a las de verdad\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Si lo miramos con perspectiva, parece que el ecosistema terrestre est\u00e1 dise\u00f1ado para funcionar en un equilibrio constante<\/strong>. De hecho, existen una serie de mecanismos biol\u00f3gicos y qu\u00edmicos que garantizan la supervivencia y la subsistencia de la vida en la Tierra.<\/p>\n

Un ejemplo de ello es la existencia de los insectos polinizadores, que permiten la floraci\u00f3n de las plantas y, con ello, de los alimentos, o del ciclo de la vida. Cuando un animal muere, nutre la Tierra y esta vuelve a crecer brindando frutos y otros alimentos a otros animales, etc.<\/p>\n

Sin embargo, hay uno de los engranajes que regulan el clima<\/strong> del Planeta que est\u00e1 cambiando debido al cambio clim\u00e1tico. Antes de la Revoluci\u00f3n Industrial, los niveles de CO2 estaban alrededor de\u00a0280 ppm (partes por mill\u00f3n), un nivel que se mantuvo estable durante aproximadamente 6.000 a\u00f1os de civilizaci\u00f3n humana.<\/p>\n

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Pero debido a la emisi\u00f3n desmedida de este Gas de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), en la actualidad, la cantidad de CO2 en la atmosfera ronda aproximadamente las 400 ppm. De hecho, seg\u00fan la AEMET (Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Meteorolog\u00eda), en abril de 2022, la concentraci\u00f3n mensual media de CO2<\/sub>\u00a0alcanz\u00f3 los\u00a0421,95 ppm<\/strong>\u00a0(partes por mill\u00f3n). Esto representa un incremento del 2,28 ppm con respecto al anterior m\u00e1ximo, 419,67 ppm, registrado en mayo de 2021.<\/p>\n

Una cifra anormal que ha provocado el fen\u00f3meno causante del cambio clim\u00e1tico: el calentamiento global de la Tierra. El incremento de la temperatura de la atmosfera ha generado una serie de alteraciones en el clima<\/strong> que est\u00e1n afectando a la vida en la Tierra y a la supervivencia de ciertos ecosistemas. La emergencia clim\u00e1tica ha provocado una serie de episodios clim\u00e1ticos extremos como huracanes, sequ\u00edas, lluvias torrenciales, etc., que amenazan el statu quo del Planeta y sus recursos naturales.<\/p>\n

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Los sumideros de carbono naturales est\u00e1n en riesgo<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n

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Sin embargo, existe otro de los mecanismos naturales del Planeta que podr\u00eda ayudarnos a revertir esta situaci\u00f3n. El proceso qu\u00edmico de la fotos\u00edntesis contribuye a la regulaci\u00f3n de los niveles de ox\u00edgeno en la atmosfera.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Y es que, aprovechando la energ\u00eda de la luz solar, durante el d\u00eda las plantas absorben CO2 y liberan ox\u00edgeno. Es precisamente por eso que, cuando se encuentran agrupadas en grandes cantidades, las plantas act\u00faan como sumideros o reservorios de carbono.<\/p>\n

Estos se consideran\u00a0sistemas capaces de acumular o liberar carbono y, <\/strong>por lo tanto, contribuyen de forma natural al equilibrio de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). De hecho, a lo largo de la historia, los sumideros de carbono han sido los encargados de garantizar un volumen normal de CO2 en la atmosfera.<\/p>\n

Entre los principales sumideros de carbono naturales de la tierra se encuentran los oc\u00e9anos y los bosques.<\/p>\n

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Los bosques son dep\u00f3sitos naturales que absorben y capturan el di\u00f3xido de carbono de la atmosfera, reduciendo su concentraci\u00f3n<\/strong>. La presencia de \u00e1rboles y vegetaci\u00f3n contribuye a la mitigaci\u00f3n del cambio clim\u00e1tico.<\/p>\n

Se estima que un \u00e1rbol de 20 a\u00f1os absorbe anualmente el CO2 emitido por un veh\u00edculo que recorre de 10.000 a 20.000 km. En este sentido, \u00bfcu\u00e1nto di\u00f3xido de carbono podr\u00eda llegar a capturar un bosque de 10.000 km2?<\/p>\n

Seg\u00fan la FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations), la mayor parte de los sumideros de carbono vegetales est\u00e1n localizados en bosques tropicales de baja latitud<\/strong> y en los bosques de alta latitud, como son los bosques boreales.<\/p>\n

Algunas grandes superficies de vegetaci\u00f3n como el Amazonas, la selva del Congo, el bosque\u00a0tropical de Nueva Guinea o el bosque\u00a0templado valdiviano, ubicado en Chile, se consideran los mayores sumideros de carbono terrestres del Planeta.<\/p>\n

De hecho, datos recogidos por el National Geographic revelan que la Amazon\u00eda, con una superficie de 6,7 millones de km2, produce el 20% del ox\u00edgeno de la Tierra<\/strong>. Sin embargo, la alarmante tasa de deforestaci\u00f3n podr\u00eda afectar en gran medida su potencial para producir ox\u00edgeno. De hecho, ya lo est\u00e1 haciendo.<\/p>\n

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Entre 2001 y 2021 la tala ilegal y la deforestaci\u00f3n han provocado que el Amazonas haya perdido un promedio de 88.490 hect\u00e1reas de bosque al a\u00f1o. Seg\u00fan los expertos y bi\u00f3logos, esta cifra es equivalente a perder dos campos de f\u00fatbol de selva cada minuto. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Adem\u00e1s, este territorio ubicado en Brasil tambi\u00e9n sufre a diario incendios provocados por ladrones de tierra, cazadores furtivos y ganaderos salvajes que buscan sacar negocio de esta selva tropical.<\/p>\n

Se trata de un fen\u00f3meno contraproducente para la lucha contra el cambio clim\u00e1tico.<\/strong> Es importante tener en cuenta que, al quemarse, los \u00e1rboles liberan todo el CO2 que absorbieron a lo largo de su vida.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Los oc\u00e9anos y la fauna y flora marina tambi\u00e9n capturan CO2<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n

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Por su parte, se estima que los oc\u00e9anos son capaces de absorber alrededor del 50% del carbono que se emite a la atm\u00f3sfera. De hecho, algunos de los organismos que viven en ellos, como los corales, el plancton, las algas o animales como las orcas, son los encargados de absorber ese carbono mediante la actividad fotosint\u00e9tica.<\/p>\n

De hecho, se estima que cada a\u00f1o los corales\u00a0absorben alrededor del 25% de las emisiones de CO2 liberadas a la atmosfera<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Sin embargo, la acidificaci\u00f3n de los oc\u00e9anos, es decir, el incremento del nivel de CO2\u00a0en los mismos, conlleva un descenso del pH del agua de mar. Este fen\u00f3meno no solo reduce la abundancia de fitoplancton, sino que tambi\u00e9n disminuye la calcificaci\u00f3n en ciertos animales marinos, como los corales, moluscos y crust\u00e1ceos, lo que provoca que sus esqueletos se vuelvan m\u00e1s d\u00e9biles y dificulta su crecimiento.<\/p>\n

De hecho, debido al calentamiento global de la Tierra y el incremento de la temperatura del agua de los oc\u00e9anos, algunos ecosistemas como las praderas de la Posidonia mediterr\u00e1nea<\/a> o la gran barrera de coral australiana est\u00e1n en peligro de extinci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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De hecho, en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, la comunidad de bi\u00f3logos marinos ha alertado de que este arrecife hab\u00eda sufrido una significativa decoloraci\u00f3n a causa de las temperaturas inusualmente c\u00e1lidas del mar sucedidas en 2016, 2017 y 2020<\/strong>. De hecho, el \u00faltimo episodio global de calor da\u00f1\u00f3 dos tercios de los corales.<\/p>\n

Todos los mecanismos de captura de CO2 existentes en el Planeta podr\u00edan contribuir de forma decisiva a frenar el cambio clim\u00e1tico. Sin embargo, en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, los ingenieros y cient\u00edficos han creado sistemas alternativos de captura que tambi\u00e9n podr\u00edan contribuir a esta causa.<\/p>\n

Desde transformar el CO2 en piedras<\/a>, hasta extraer CO2 de la atmosfera a trav\u00e9s de ventiladores gigantes o crear nubes de mentira para capturar el CO2. En los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, los gobiernos han estado invirtiendo en sistemas de captura de carbono<\/a> olvidando por completo, que ya existen este tipo de sistemas en la propia naturaleza y que estos est\u00e1n siendo da\u00f1ados.<\/p>\n

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Son sistemas innovadores y pioneros que demuestran las buenas intenciones de la industria y su compromiso con la lucha contra el cambio clim\u00e1tico, pero que cuestan demasiado dinero para lo que en realidad consiguen.<\/p>\n

En Islandia, por ejemplo, la empresa Climeworks<\/strong>, especializada en la creaci\u00f3n de sistemas de captura de CO2, cre\u00f3 la instalaci\u00f3n Orca con una inversi\u00f3n de unos cuatro millones de d\u00f3lares. Esta instalaci\u00f3n ha sido ampliamente criticada por la comunidad clim\u00e1tica debido a su ineficiencia: a lo largo de un a\u00f1o, Orca solo ha sido capaz de capturar tres segundos de las emisiones de CO2 mundiales.<\/p>\n

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Eliminar todas las emisiones de CO2 mediante sistemas de captura tecnol\u00f3gicos costar\u00eda m\u00e1s de 5 billones de d\u00f3lares<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n

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Y es que tal y como explica el tecn\u00f3crata y multimillonario Bill Gates<\/strong> en su libro, \u201cC\u00f3mo evitar un desastre clim\u00e1tico\u201d, eliminar todas las emisiones de carbono anuales de la humanidad costar\u00eda m\u00e1s de 5 billones de d\u00f3lares al a\u00f1o. Y si lo extrapolamos a este \u00faltimo invento, necesitar\u00edamos alrededor de 50.000 plantas de orca.<\/p>\n

Pese a la ineficiencia de este tipo de sistemas, algunas empresas siguen apostando por este tipo de proyectos e inversiones. El a\u00f1o pasado, Elon Musk<\/strong> anunci\u00f3 que invertir\u00eda 100 millones de d\u00f3lares al proyecto XPRIZE, que tiene como objetivo encontrar una soluci\u00f3n viable para eliminar 1.000 toneladas de CO2 anuales.<\/p>\n

Por su parte, la empresa canadiense Carbon Engineering<\/strong>, tambi\u00e9n financiada por Bill Gates, est\u00e1 trabajando en un nuevo sistema parecido a Orca para capturar di\u00f3xido de carbono en el norte de Escocia.<\/p>\n

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La periodista Marta Peirano hace un interesante apunte en su libro, Contra el Futuro, \u201cestamos so\u00f1ando con orcas mec\u00e1nicas, mientras dejamos morir a las de verdad\u201d. Esta no deja de ser una met\u00e1fora de la ineficiente estrategia de mitigaci\u00f3n del cambio clim\u00e1tico que estamos siguiendo.<\/p>\n

\u00bfEn vez de invertir grandes sumas de dinero en nuevos sistemas artificiales de captura de CO2, por qu\u00e9 no cuidamos los que ya existen de forma natural en la Tierra? Para lograr una sociedad ZEO -cero emisiones-, debemos ser capaces de capturar o reducir de una forma mucho m\u00e1s efectiva el di\u00f3xido de carbono de la atmosfera.<\/p>\n

Adem\u00e1s, tal y como recoge el presente art\u00edculo, es m\u00e1s econ\u00f3mico preservar los sumideros de carbono naturales, que invertir en nuevas tecnolog\u00edas de captura de carbono.<\/p>\n

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En los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os estamos invirtiendo en mecanismos de captura de CO2 artificiales. Sin embargo, \u00bfqu\u00e9 hay de los sumideros de carbono naturales?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":18785,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[83,80,21,78,82,86],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18780","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-documentacion","category-economia-es","category-emisiones","category-energia-es","category-naturaleza","category-salud"],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cSo\u00f1amos con orcas mec\u00e1nicas mientras dejamos morir a las de verdad\u201d<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"En los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os estamos invirtiendo en mecanismos de captura de CO2 artificiales. 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